Rabies virus –
It is a viral disease which affects the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) of mammals including humans.
It is caused by the rabies virus which is usually transmitted through the bite or scratch of an infected animal.
Rabies is primarily found in wild animals such as bats, raccoons, foxes, and skunks, although domesticated animals like dogs and cats can also contract and transmit the virus.
The virus infects the central nervous system, leading to inflammation of the brain and eventually causing severe neurological symptoms.
The Primary symptoms of rabies in humans is non-specific and can include fever, headache and generalized weakness and discomfort.
As the disease progresses more specific symptoms may develop including anxiety, confusion, hallucinations, excessive salivation, difficulty in swallowing and fear of water (known as hydrophobia).
Once symptoms of this disease shown, the disease is almost and always fatal. Therefore immediate medical attention is crucial if someone has been bitten by an animal that may carry rabies.
Post-exposure prophylaxis which involves a series of vaccines and sometimes administration of rabies immunoglobulin can be effective in preventing the onset of the disease if given promptly after exposure.
Preventing rabies primarily involves vaccination of domestic animals, responsible pet ownership and avoiding contact with wildlife.
Vaccinating pets not only protects them but also helps create a barrier between wildlife rabies and humans.
Rabies is a significant public health concern in many parts of the world especially in regions where canine rabies is endemic.
However it is also a preventable disease through vaccination and prompt medical intervention.
Rabies vaccine
The vaccine stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies against the rabies virus providing protection against infection.
There are two types of rabies vaccines commonly used:
- Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) vaccine: This vaccine is given to individuals who are at high risk of exposure to rabies, such as laboratory workers, veterinarians, animal handlers and people traveling to regions where rabies is prevalent. It involves a series of three or four injections given over a period of 2-4 weeks. This vaccine builds immunity to rabies and provides a baseline level of protection.
- Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) vaccine: This vaccine is administered to individuals who have been potentially exposed to rabies, either through a bite, scratch, or other contact with a potentially infected animal. The PEP vaccine is given in combination with a rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) which provides immediate, temporary protection until the vaccine stimulates the body’s immune response. The PEP vaccine schedule typically involves receiving four or five doses of the vaccine over a period of 14-28 days.
Rabies vaccines are generally safe and well-tolerated. Common side effects may include pain or redness at the injection site, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue.
Serious side effects are rare.
It’s important to note that even with vaccination if someone is bitten or scratched by an animal suspected of carrying rabies, prompt medical attention is still necessary.
The vaccine helps to prevent the disease from developing, but immediate treatment after exposure is crucial to provide additional protection.